Saturday, February 22, 2020

NKCC cotransporter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

NKCC cotransporter - Essay Example Of these NKCC1b is also known to be found in brain RNA (Gamba, 2005). It is noted here, though, that the two isoforms of the NKCC1 cotransporter is found only in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) as per research of Cutler and Cramb, 2002. Nevertheless, there is ample evidence that NKCC1, in human and other mammalian species, is functionally implicated in CNS cells. It is observed by Gamba, 2005, that the NKCC1 cotransporter is activated by receptors and assists in neurotransmission by driving anions into the cell. It is also observed by Strange et al, 2000, that the work of the NKCC1 cotransporter complements that of the KCC2 one. The choice of the culture medium, the neuronal-specific CAD cell line, and the somewhat CNS-specific NKCC1 dovetails perfectly for a research attempt that seeks to establish new facts on the molecular identity and other expression patterns of these unique electroneutral cotransporters in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). G. Gamba's excellent 200 5 review article on these cotransporters has been extensively used in this paper because it is the most comprehensive document prepared to date being inclusive of all aspects described so far. The cation-coupled (Sodium and ... The Cation-Coupled Cotransport System The cation-coupled (Sodium and Potassium cations only) chloride cotransporters are a unique transmembranal transport system that is electrically neutral yet very effective in action (Gamba, 2005). These cotransporters constitute a secondary transcellular transport system that complements the primary cation transcellular transport system - the one mediated by the enzyme --ATPase. In the primary system the mover is an electrochemical gradient while in this chloride cotransporter system there is no such gradient, the reason why it has acquired the electroneutral label, and imbalances in chloride anion concentrations between intracellular and extracellular media constitute the prime mover of the system (Gamba, G., 2005). In absorptive and secretory epithelia there is need to transport ions and solutes in and out of the cells. Specific plasma membrane proteins mediate this transport system by either effecting sodium influx and potassium efflux with accompaniment of those ions and/or solutes that need to be transported (Gamba, G., 2005). Except in choroidal plexus, these cations move through the epithelial basolateral membrane mediated by the action of the enzyme --ATPase that creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The plasma proteins mediate this transcellular transport that utilises this gradient to move target ions across the membrane and thus this system is called a secondary one while the enzyme-mediated cation movement is called the primary system. These two component systems together constitute the primary ion transport system across cellular membranes in human physiology (Gamba, G., 2005). On

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tort Law - Essay Example The banks received and paid some cheques worth approximately HK$5.5 million. The cheques appeared to be genuinely drawn by the company and they bore the signature of Mr. Chen who was one of the authorized signatories for the company to the cheques. In each of the instances, the banks used each cheque to debit the companys account. However, these cheques were forgeries and not the companys cheques. An accounts clerk had forged Mr. Chen’s signature on each cheque. The main issue in the appeal is to determine who was to bear the loss arising from the forgeries. The question of general principle was to determine the nature and extent to which a customer has a duty of care to his bank in relation to the operation of his current account. The companys submission was that, where no other agreement exists between the banker and customer, the customers duty could only be limited to two sets of circumstances. In drawing his cheque, the customer must exercise due care. A cheque having a forged signature is not the customer’s and the bank therefore cannot pay it. The customer must also bring to the attention of the bank any forgery, which he discovers so that the bank may take precautions to avoid loss. If any breach of such duty by the customer leads the bank to make payments on the forged cheque, the customer is liable to bear the loss. The banks’ submission on the issue was that from the relationship between banker and customer, the latter has a duty to the former to take precautions to prevent the presentation of forged cheques to the bank and to check his periodic bank statements. That is so as identify and report to the bank any items, which he may not have authorized. The duty is both in contract and in tort (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2004, p. 417). In delivering the Lordships’ ruling, Lord Scarman said that their Lordships believed there was nothing to the advantage of the laws development in trying to find a liability in tort