Polymerase chain reaction practical, Genetics Essay

Polymerase chain response down to earth, Genetics - Essay Example As of now, there are several distinct sorts of PCR are being utilized in various research facilities however the fundamental standard stays same. The general procedure of PCR can be summed up as follows. 1) Mixture of all constituents of PCR like dNTPs, Primers (forward and turn around), Buffer and format DNA will be blended in wanted fixation. 2) The initial step is intensification, where the temperature is set at 94C for 2-5 minutes for denaturation of twofold abandoned DNA, a procedure called starting denaturation, 3) After beginning denaturation, test is saved for 30 sec at 94C for additional denaturation, 4) After denaturation temperature is brought down to 55-60C for 30sec to permit toughening of groundwork with explicit DNA site called strengthening temperature. 5) The temperature is presently raised to the 72C for polymerase to begin new DNA blend utilizing preliminary as beginning material. 6) After augmentation, the cycles are rehashed for right around multiple times to get 230 duplicate of starting DNA layout. At long last, after 3 cycle expansion is be performed at 72C for 5 min to finish any unamplified response. Figure 1 shows steps includes in PCR. Advancement of PCR and distinguishing proof of DNA as signature particles for singular prompts presentation of DNA based strategy for foundation of parental connection and in this way for wrongdoing and criminal recognition. In view of DNA arrangement of people it was discovered that there are numerous spots in whole DNA that are moderated nucleotide rehashes and dependent on size or length of these groupings they are named as small scale and smaller than normal satellite (4). It was discovered that number of rehash in these arrangements shifts from individual to individual and acquired from guardians to youngster settles on it perfect decision for criminal recognizable proof. Afterward, this procedure was named as DNA fingerprinting. In addition, advancement of PCR made this method all the more impressive and sensible contrasted with some other strategy for criminal ID, since more often than not, the example acquired in the wrongdoing site is consistently in less amount. This little piece of body or body liquids like blood, sperm, salivation or even hair is adequate to disengage DNA and afterward intensification with PCR make it conceivable to do diverse examination on it. Here the point of this examination was to comprehend major rule and utilization of polymerase chain response and dependent on that to see how PCR is utilized in DNA fingerprinting based wrongdoing examination and criminal distinguishing proof 2. Techniques: 2.1 Buccal DNA extraction: Ten ml, 0.9% saline arrangement was scoured vivaciously against the cheeks for 10 seconds. The example (remove from the bucaal cavity) was then moved into 15 ml rotator tube and centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 minutes for the pellet. From there on, 500 l of chelex dabs were included into the pellet and resuspended with the chelex by pipetting in and out different occasions to such an extent that there are no noticeable clusters of cells. 500 microliter of the aliquot was moved into 1.5ml microfuge tube and was bubbled into a hot square at 100C for 10 mins. The example was then turn for 30 secs top speed to turn down chelex. Fifty microliter of the new supernatant was moved

Indian Health Service: Creating a Climate for Change Essay

IHS is an intricate association that serves the American Indian and Alaskan Native populace. Successful wellbeing administrations for American Indians and Alaskan Natives needed to coordinate the ways of thinking of the clans with those of the clinical network. Since not all clans marked bargains with the United States a few people with Indian legacy were not qualified to take part with the central government programs. Qualified individuals with Indian legacy were offered different types of assistance all through the IHS programs; be that as it may, some IHS areas didn't have the essential hardware or offices to offer complete types of assistance. With the changing outer condition and new requests, expanding requirement for administrations and moving political picture, IHS must change inside to build productivity, adequacy and responsibility. IHS is committed to regarding the neighborhood conventions and convictions of clans. IHS hosts not built up a sufficient third-get-together pay or framework, experiences issues enrolling and holding human services experts and the populace IHS serves has wellbeing status underneath the remainder of the US. IHS must concentrate on actualizing the Indian self-assurance so as to expand the wellbeing status of the populace to increase proceeded with congressional financing and backing. IHS needs to return social insurance to the hands of the clans. This is troublesome in light of the fact that every clan has various ideas of wellbeing and it is hard to suit such a wide assortment. On account of the rare assets it will be hard to figure out which choices and administrations ought to be incorporated as opposed to decentralized. So as to actualize the change, IHS ought to give fair and open correspondence about the progressions and how they will influence every clan independently. IHS ought to likewise be receptive to reactions and the individual customs of every clan. IHS ought to assess ancestral fulfillment and wellbeing status results to screen the advancement of the change. Key Issues 1. For what reason is the adjusting of centralization and decentralization a significant test looked by Dr. Trujillo? 2. What variables could obstruct changes to the Indian Health System? 3. By what means can Dr. Trujillo beat a portion of the protection from change? Situational Analysis Qualities Improved wellbeing status and diminished mortality in clans 62% of social insurance laborers were of American Indian or Alaska Native legacy Expansion of administrations gave to clans Built up grant and advance recompense projects to build the quantity of Indian social insurance experts Weaknesses No outsider payor charging framework Enrollment and maintenance of expert staff Population’s wellbeing status is underneath the remainder of the US Confounded authoritative structure Restricted gear or offices in specific zones Not gathering co-installments or deductibles Openings Increment the wellbeing status of the IHS populace to increase proceeded with congressional subsidizing Indian self-assurance Incorporating the methods of reasoning of the clans with those of the clinical network Federal acknowledgment of clans Key field-tested strategy to focal point of income, cost control inward business upgrades Threats No after-expansion increment in spending designation Giving extra wellbeing administrations little assets Clans requesting more authority over human services administrations Expanding financing for innate agreements and compacts Partners calling for significant changes Authoritative Strategy/Implementation Strategy 1. For what reason is the adjusting of centralization and decentralization a significant test looked by Dr. Trujillo? Partners in IHS are calling for significant changes while there is an apparent requirement for new and creative ways for financing. Adjusting the centralization and decentralization will be a significant test for Dr. Trujillo. A significant test will be to decide how to move the obligation and responsibility to the clans. Dr. Trujillo should figure out who will be liable for management of these obligations and if sufficient assets are accessible for the move. Itâ is Dr. Trujillo’s trusts that this will increment inborn support in IHS programs. It is frequently hard to screen and assemble data in decentralized medicinal services. It is additionally hard to look at brought together and decentralized information. With the totally different understandings of social insurance in every clan, it will likewise be a test to figure out which administrations to bring tog ether and decentralize. Money related assets should be considered in the assessment of unified and decentralized administrations. It is significant that clans have the option to support their particular wellbeing programs however should likewise have the option to remain inside the designated financial plan controlled by IHS. This will likewise put a regulatory weight on the clans. It is significant that the IHS decide the choices and administrations generally gainful to the clan to be decentralized so as to be proficient and powerful in those networks. 2. What elements could obstruct changes to the Indian Health System? Absence of assets in specific territories and diverse ancestral ideas of wellbeing could hinder changes to the IHS. Without the assets important to move obligation of wellbeing administrations over to clans, the acknowledgment of inborn human services will be troublesome. On the off chance that assets are not accessible, clans won't be receptive to the administrations advertised. Deciding the contrasting ideas in clans could get clashing with assets now and again. The IHS has as of now enormously improved the wellbeing status of its present populace in this manner, if ancestral idea of wellbeing could be exclusively distinguished, IHS could reallocate assets and keep on giving essential consideration and training projects to those zones that would be generally responsive. No expansion in financing is another factor that could block changes to the IHS. As clans are proceeding to sign bargains to be perceived by the g overnment the administration populace is expanding. Without adequate subsidizing it will be hard to move the duty of administrations into the clans. The move in malady examples and increment in old populaces will just add to the expanding budgetary expenses. Subsidizing of IHS benefits likewise makes it hard to enlist social insurance staff. IHS could create more income if the worries about charging and assortments were tended to appropriately. Appropriate preparing and controls would need to be actualized to sufficiently set up these administrations. The confounded authoritative structure of IHS could likewise block changes. The duties of the IHS are interrelated and spread overâ several associations. It might get hard to decide duties in formal and less proper connections particularly if these obligations will venture into the clans. 3. In what manner can Dr. Trujillo defeat a portion of the protection from change? A vital marketable strategy is now in procedure of being created by a workgroup of innate pioneers, IHS staff and private segment advisors. So as to conquer the protection from change Dr. Trujillo must give open correspondence between all partners. Opening correspondence between all partners will empower all worries to be presented and tended to in the marketable strategy. The objectives of the new marketable strategy ought to be imparted to every clan effectively with a clarification of how the arrangement will influence every clan in meeting their individual objectives. Ordinary gatherings ought to be held to talk about the effect the field-tested strategy is having on the individual clans and what concern or advances the clans are making. Opening correspondence can help revamping the present structure. IHS will have the option to realize what concerns clans have, how to prepare workers and the most ideal approach to execute the new changes. IHS ought to be extremely attentive during the change and react to the tribe’s grumblings while likewise commending their achievements. Beginning with pilot bunches for specific administrations or thoughts can be an incredible method to exhibit how new administrations can be compelling. This will impact different clans to really see how a change might have the option to work for them while additionally giving them a model to follow. Select people in every clan ought to be distinguished and welcomed as a key part to partake in gatherings to help lead the execution of key techniques and wellbeing upgrades. These people will have the option to interface with individuals from their own clans and impart change such that praises the conventions and estimations of their clan. Benchmarks for Success IHS will need to decide whether their arrangements for change are fruitful. The following are various achievements that IHS ought to assess to screen and decide whether the actualized changes are fruitful: Are innate culture, qualities, religion and customs are regarded while conveying wellbeing administrations Are legitimate assets being used to meet the individual tribe’s needs Are social insurance administrations being conveyed all the more effectively Are the progressions meeting the wellbeing needs of the individual clan Are billings and assortments being caught accurately. Is wellbeing status improving in various territories in various clans Is wellbeing status improving in contrast with the remainder of the US.

HOW TO Get Your Photos Featured On Yahoo! News

HOW TO Get Your Photos Featured On Yahoo! News Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HOW TO: Get Your Photos Featured On Yahoo! NewsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : YahooShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozj792 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogNeedless to say, Yahoo! News is one of the most popular news aggregators out there. If you want your snaps/photographs to get exposure and famous, then you can try Yahoo! News for sure.It gives more opportunity for photographers and journalists to get exposure. If you want your photos to be considered on Yahoo! News, then you can try your best through You Witness News (Of Yahoo! News).You can submit photos through their partner Flickr for consideration on Yahoo! News. But, yes, they have some decent rules and conditions which are mentioned below. Earlier I shared a resource list for photographers to earn money by selling their photos.Required Photos [What You Should Submit]Submit Photos that you have c aptured yourself.Submit photos that are timely.Not Required Photos [You Should Not Submit Them]Copyrighted photos you did not take.Photos containing nudity or graphic violence.Photos taken weeks ago.Photos that harms yourself or others.Meanwhile, if you own a blog and if you want to get more exposure traffic, then you can try the following :HOW TO: Get Your Site Featured On Yahoo! NewsHOW TO: Get Your Site Featured On Google NewsHOW TO: Get Your Site Featured On TechmemeIm going to split this process into two :#1 Uploading and formatting your photos for Submission.#2 Submitting your photos to You Witness News section.Uploading And Formatting Your Photos For Submission#1 Upload to Flickr : Upload photos which you wish to submit to You Witness News to your Photostream.#2 Privacy : Check the Public button under Set Privacy.#3 Submission : Now go your Photostream; Click on the photo you want to submit.Youll need to add specific information for each photo so we can verify and use y our photos. You will need to include the below information for every photo you submit to us.If you dont fill in these fields, they wont consider your photos for use.In the right column, youll see some settings. Follow these steps:All rights reserved is the default setting for photos. We can only accept photos tagged as All rights reserved.Be sure Anyone can see this photo.Click Add to your map. You must enter the location where this photo was taken; we cant use it if you dont add this info.On the map page, enter the location in the search box (or you can navigate using the map). Once you select the correct location, click Save to Map, and close the map window.Check the date next to Taken on to be sure its correct. If not, click Edit.Click Edit title, description and tags. Please enter an appropriate title and 1-sentence description of event. Add relevant tags if you like. Save the changes.READOptimizing Your Blog To Get Organic TrafficSubmitting Photos To You Witness News#1 Join Yo u Witness News Flickr group. Make sure you read the rules and terms for that group.#2 After joining, click Add photos or video at top of the group page.Note : As of now, Yahoo! News is not accepting videos, only photos are accepted.#3 Select the photo(s) you wish to submit be sure theyre labeled according to instructions above and click Add to Group. NOTE: Adding your photos to the You Witness News group means you are giving permission for Yahoo! News to use those photos in the manner described below, in Permission and Representations.#4 Once submitted, their photo editors will review. If accepted, youll see your photos on the You Witness News slideshow at Yahoo! News, and maybe, accompanying a breaking news event!After joining the You Witness Group, submit photos from your Photostream. Remember that the terms you agree to when you join the Group apply to all photos you subsequently submit to the Group.Do share your opinions as comments below. If you want further tips, regardin g similar stuffs, do subscribe to our feeds.

Credit Crunch Impact in Bank of England Essay examples

3. Using one specific multinational enterprise with which you are familiar, examine the ways in which ‘credit crunch’ has impacted its operations. Evaluate the strategic responses it has made, and might make going forward, to respond to the impacts of the credit crunch on its operations. Introduction; This work will focus on the broader economic impact of the crisis in credit markets, which began over three years ago with the downturn in United States (US) sub-prime housing market. While the epicenter has remained in the US, it has already had a major impact on the structure of Bank of England. In the year 2008 we have seen a significant consolidation within the UK banking sector. (George†¦show more content†¦Financial Stability The area seeks to detect risks to the structure and functioning of the UK financial system and to develop measures to strengthen regulatory systems and infrastructure at home and abroad to reduce those risks. This includes its statutory responsibilities for overseeing UK payments systems. In addition it undertakes work with HM Treasury and the FSA to improve the arrangements for managing a financial crisis. The area also contributes to the monetary policy process, and promotes public understanding of issues relating to financial stability through, for instance, the regular Financial Stability Report. Banking Services Customer Banking Division provides banking services to the Government and other customers, principally financial institutions and other central banks. This includes the provision of custody services, including for gold. Central services The Central Services Divisions encompass a range of support functions that underpin the Bank’s activities and help to ensure that the Bank’s reputation is maintained. These include IT, business continuity, the Governors’ private offices, and legal services.Show MoreRelatedConcepts of Microeconomics in a UK-Based Organization: Barclays Case Analysis2578 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Impact of Credit Crunch on UK Northern Rock: The credit crunch can be basically described as the increasing costs of borrowing money due to prevailing situations and rising interest rates. The increase in the interest rates resulted in the inability of many people to afford the repayments on mortgages that led them to default. The rising interest rates had huge effects on the subprime market in the United States in which money was lent to probable risky debtors. Credit crunch was not only exacerbatedRead MoreThe Central Banks Of The World1135 Words   |  5 Pages The Central Banks of the world have a role in today’s society to provide stability to the economy. Through monetary policy, the Central Banks must utilize the daily economic data in order to make policy decisions that attempt to ensure continuous growth and prosperity. The Central Banks do this through regulating inflation as well as â€Å"implementing specific goals such as currency stability, low inflation and full employment† (Heakal). In 2008 the g lobal financial crisis hit numerous nations aroundRead MoreEffects Of The Great Recession On The United Kingdom Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagescountry struggled with a double-dip recession between 2010-12, and continues to struggle with some of these effects. The main cause of this worldwide economic contraction was the credit crunch in 2007/2008. In the United States, mortgage lenders received incentives to sell mortgages, regardless of the income and credit score of the individual receiving the loan. This lead to an influx of loans being sold that were likely to be defaulted on at a later date. 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Banks will have to increases their capital by at least 25 billion pound and borrow from government. An additional 25 billion pound in extra capital will be available in exchange of preference shares. Government described as the root cause of current financial crisis is liquidity, capital and funding At least 200 billion pound will be made available from bank of England for short term borrowing to provide liquidity to banks Those banks

The Effect Of Body Image On Adolescent Girls - 1427 Words

According to a study on body image 42% of first to third grade girls want to be thinner (Collins,1991). This presents a dilemma to parents and educators, as adolescent girls are becoming increasingly concerned with their body image, and have been led to unhealthy practices in their desire to be thinner. Research into this showed that as much as 57% of adolescent girls engage in harmful practices such as fasting, self induced vomiting, or diet pills (Boutelle et al, 2002).This occurs as a result of youth being subject to environments that promote an unrealistic â€Å"ideal† body. This can affect our perception of our bodies and what is considered to be healthy or â€Å"normal†. It is also due to media promoting an â€Å"ideal† body type. This affects perception of body in adolescent girls due to the overwhelming amount of unrealistic body ideals that these girls are subject to. This conditions girls to practice unhealthy eating habits. an overwhelming 69% of ele mentary school girls who read magazines say that he pictures greatly alter their perception of the â€Å"ideal body†, and that subsequently, these images make them want to lose weight. (Martin, 2010) This issue will only continue to grow unless steps are taken to eradicate it. In order to ensure that is done, issues and negative associations with body image in girls should be eliminated at a young age. Implementing this should come in the form of mandatory health education, the elimination of body related stigmas and the promotion ofShow MoreRelatedEffect of Television Media on Body Image in Adolescent Girls Diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa.2866 Words   |  12 PagesEffect of Television Media on Body Image in Adolescent Girls diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa. Research has continually revealed that television media has had an impact on viewers, however, more specifically studies have indicated that the adolescent has been most impacted especially the population that are diagnosed with eating disorders. In particular, this study will examine the adolescent population diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa usually begins with the adolescent experiencingRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Dissatisfaction Of Young Girls And Adolescents1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lives of the people, there have been many controversial debates on the impact of the media on the body dissatisfaction of young girls and adolescents. Body dissatisfaction can be described as â€Å"the negative self-evaluation of one’s own appearance and to be more physically attractive, and is fairly common in young girls and adolescents. Approximately one hundred studies of media effects on body dissatisfaction have been conducted with the majority of these showing at least some evidence,† (FergusonRead MoreThe Effects of Media on Adolescent Girls Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesvery prominent fault that the significance of media has is its visual depiction of women. There is an abundance of media portraying women to have ideal bodies, and this undoubtedly has a negative effect on adolescent girls. Two of the many effects of media on females are depression and self esteem issues, as well as eating disorders. Unfortunately, body dissatisfaction caused by media is becoming more and more common. In today’s society, media is a part of everyone’s lives, whether people want it toRead MoreWomen and adolescent girls are exposed, daily, to the medias portrayal of perfect beauty. Being1600 Words   |  7 PagesWomen and adolescent girls are exposed, daily, to the medias portrayal of perfect beauty. 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Over recent times, the media has become a prominent part in the upbringing of young people. In particular the manner by which the media portrays body image has changed in numerous ways. Body image is defined as â€Å"a person’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about his or her body† by Grogan (as cited in Zaccagni, Masotti, Donati Gualdi-Russo, 2014). There is a stronger focus of what is considered to be the perfect body type and many argue that

A Good Result And A Happy Outcome - 1843 Words

According to its etymology, the word â€Å"success† derives from the Latin word successus, which means an advance, a good result, or a happy outcome (â€Å"Online Etymology Dictionary†). Emphasizing the part of the definition, â€Å"a good result and a happy outcome,† success is associated with a positive connotation from its original roots. This association of positivity with success translated into today’s culture as worldly success, such as fame, fortune, and power. However, several individuals, especially those with religious backgrounds, argue that prosperity is not always as fulfilling as people may perceive it to be, even though the definition of the term describes its appealing attributes. These few figures make a distinction that there is a different form of success known as spiritual success which is set apart from worldly success. Spiritual success is described as finding an individual’s identity in God and salvation through Jesus. Well-k nown members of the church assert that achieving spiritual success satisfies the human soul whereas worldly success does not. These religious leaders, including St. Augustine (354-430) and Thomas Merton (1915-1968), attempted to achieve worldly success and realized that they could only find satisfaction with spiritual success. One of the most well-known religious figures of the Christian community, St. Augustine, experienced trials in attempting to reach worldly success. In his autobiography, Confessions (397-401), Augustine gave insight intoShow MoreRelatedPositive Psychology: The Effects of Positive Emotions Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesPositive psychology describes the effects a positive attitude can have on one’s enjoyment of a situation, people, and life as whole. If one is able to find something good about every situation they encounter, then their overall life experience will be positive. 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Lying or being deceiving is not being a bad person if it means to achieve a good consequence in the end of a situation. Telos in Greek means end, goal, purpose, and result. An example of this would be if Nancy asked Chuck if her hair was pretty when it was originally blonde and then dyed to jet-black. Chuck would have to say, â€Å"Yes honey, you look beautiful.† Yes, Chuck did lie but it caused Nancy to be happy. If Chuck did tell the truth they would probably have an argument on why Nancy’s hairRead MoreThe Theory Of Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism952 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerate the greatest good. Whereas, rule utilitarianism evaluates the actions themselves and determines what would produce an outcome that institutes the greatest good. (2013 sec. 6.1) From an act utilitarian standpoint, say you had a hundred dollars to spend lavishly. 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Justification for Upgrade of Trainer Position free essay sample

Mrs. Williams, As I mentioned in our last staff meeting, I will like to recap the importance of filling the position available here in my group as a matter of urgency. We have completed and posted the third quarter schedule with many essential classes not inclusive. Gloria is very much tied up with field and contract training leaving Mohammed alone to teach all the scheduled classes. I have had to go in to assist in teaching some classes and because most of our classes are 21/2 to 5 days – 8 hours in duration, I am unable to perform any other duties in the week I am stuck in the classroom. I know Mr. McCoy has a lot in his plate right now and my need frequent reminder of our critical situation here in training. Thanks for your support I forgot to mention in the earlier justification letter that we had courses that were approved by TCEQ which Billy Shea was the only instructor approved to teach. Those courses are Surface Water production I II and Customer service inspection. Our inability to hire an instructor with TCEQ qualifications have that can teach those course after Billy left has left us with no choice but to use outside vendors for these course. The average cost to the City is an average of $20,000 a year. We also plan to expand our program to include Water and Wastewater Technology, Advance Utility Calculation, Advance Water and Wastewater Laboratory and more. These courses are presently being offered only by outside vendors and cost the City about another average of $20,000 a year. This upgrade will enable us to hire an   in-house instructor that will be readily available for our employees and the instruction will be customized to suite our needs as opposed to the generic version offered by the vendors. With the vacancy created for a Trainer position at OSB training group, due to the resignation of Victor Burks, it is requested that the position be upgraded to a Senior Trainer for the reasons indicated below: Our training goal for this position is to employ a highly qualified training professional to undertake a variety of water/wastewater and collection systems training responsibilities. This individual will be responsible for curriculum developments, designing new courses, identifying areas requiring remedial training, request courses and program addition from TCEQ, submitting courses to TCEQ for approval in accordance with TCEQ RG-373 and teaching several certification and skill enhancement classes. The individual will also be very highly knowledgeable of TCEQ training requirements and possess the minimum qualifications and skills for instructors as required by TCEQ RG 373 publications. In addition to the requirements above, the individual must meet City of Houston minimum requirements for the position: a bachelor’s degree and 1 year classroom training experience. The pay grade level 17 that this position is currently publicized does not attract prospective candidates who have the qualifications and capable of meeting the goals and objectives stated above. In the past we have managed to hire candidates who partially meet these criteria with hope to boost their experience while on the job but that has not been very effective and tends to put at risk our training goals and objectives. TCEQ publication RG 373 require instructors to â€Å"have sufficient work experience, subject-matter expertise, and vocational instructional experience to enable them to communicate course information in a relevant, informed manner and to answer students questions†.. Also â€Å"Instructors of core courses must hold a valid license in the particular occupation they are teaching. For water and wastewater operator licensing, a Class A or B license is normally required to teach†. Candidates who meet this State qualification show no interest in applying for the position with a level 17 pay grade. Most operators with the stated minimum experience and certifications are presently at pay grade levels of 19 and above as a result they are not likely to apply for the a lower Pay grade level position. Hiring individuals that do not meet TCEQ minimum requirements to instructor also puts the City of Houston at risk for violation of training approval regulations and a possibility of denying or suspending of our operator certification training program as indicated by TCEQ RG 373 â€Å"In the event an instructor is determined unqualified to teach a course, the training provider will lose approval for the course if the instructor is allowed to continue teaching it†. Another important consideration is that organizations providing similar training and instructors of water utility certification programs from similar size cities are hired at pay grade levels greater than the City of Houston trainer position. As a result the position is also not attractive to external candidates. Prior to hiring Victor Burks, the position was posted three times because we were unable to get the candidate that meets the requirements to accomplish our training goals and objectives Many candidates with appropriate qualifications and requirements have expressed interest in the position but the major hindrance has been the pay grade level the position is posted. I am very confident that if the position is upgraded and posted as a senior trainer level 21, we will have no problem hiring candidates that meet both State and City of Houston minimum requirements and candidates who will be effective in meeting our training goals and objectives. Attached below is the publication abstract from TCEQ RG-373 that pertains to â€Å"Qualified Classroom instructor†. What Is a Qualified Classroom Instructor? Classroom instructors must have sufficient work experience, subject-matter expertise, and vocational instructional experience to enable them to communicate course information in a relevant, informed manner and to answer students questions. Instructors must have at least three years of hands-on work experience in the particular discipline or area of specialization of the course. For example, a classroom instructor meets this qualification for the course â€Å"Surface Water Production I† if the instructor worked in a Surface water system for a minimum of three years performing critical operating tasks. Instructors of core courses must hold a valid license in the particular occupation they are teaching. For water and wastewater operator licensing, a Class A or B license is normally required to teach. It is recommended that instructors of courses used only for renewal hours also hold the appropriate license. Exceptions to this recommendation include out-of-state training providers, researchers, or professional engineers who lack a Texas occupational license but who possess exceptional knowledge and skills directly related to the training and critical job tasks. Instructors must also have enough teaching experience to enable them to communicate clearly and effectively at the learning level of the students and consistent with the intended outcomes of the course. Classroom instructors must have at least 60 hours of classroom instructional experience. Hours spent making presentations do not count as classroom instructional experience. The training provider is responsible for ensuring that classroom instructors have adequate, specific work experience and sufficient teaching experience. This responsibility includes maintaining each instructor’s resume or statement of qualifications. The TCEQ may ask for verification of instructor work and classroom teaching experience along with licensing status at any time. This information is required as part of the application for initial approval of a course. This information is collected to enable the agency to help you, the training provider—and in some cases the instructor also—comply with these requirements. In the event an instructor is determined unqualified to teach a course, the training provider will lose approval for the course if the instructor is allowed to continue teaching it. Participants also will not receive credit for training by unqualified or ineffective instructors. Normally, the training provider offers the students enrollment in another class with a different instructor at no additional cost to the student. This is considered a business practice, however, and you may choose to handle this situation differently in accordance with your business policies.